The Origins of Minimally Invasive Surgery

Dawn of endoscopy; Developing tools; Assembling the pieces; The laparoscopic revolution; American Board; American Gastrointestinal; Angeles-based Cedars-Sinai Medical Center's; Board; Bozzini; Case School; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center's; Center's; Cleveland; Cleveland, Ohio. Minimally; Colorectal Research Unit; Culshaw Colorectal Research Unit; Desormeaux's; Dr. Bozzini's; Dr. Desormeaux's; Dr. Kussmaul's; Dr. Marks. As; Edison's; French; Gastrointestinal; George Kelling; German; Germany; Greek; Gynecology; H.C. Jacobaeus; Hippocrates; Hospitals; Human; Institute; Jacobaeus; Jacques Perissat's; Kelling; Kurt Semm's; Kussmaul's; Lankenau Institute; Light; Los Angeles-based Cedars-Sinai Medical Center's; Marks; Marks. As; Maximillian Nitze; Medical Center's; Medical Research; Medicine; Mouret; Natural; Nitze; Obstetrics; Ohio. Minimally; Pa. 'Everybody; Perissat's; Philipp Bozzini; Phillipe Mouret; Research; Research Unit; Roman; School; Semm's; Society; Sweden; TV; Techniques; Thomas Edison's; Unit; University Hospitals; Wynnewood, Pa. 'Everybody; access; adds; advantages; advent; alcohol-turpentine; allowed; allowing; aluminum; ancient; animal; annual; applications; approached; approximately; assistance; assisted; attachment; automatic; back; binocular; body; built; bulb; bundle; buried; burns; camera; candlelight; captured; carried; carry; case; cavities; century; chairman; challenge; challenging; changed; chief; chole; city; clear; clinical; closely; component; conducted; contained; conventional; costs; created; creative; critical; cutting; damage; dark; dates; decade; decision; deep; deeply; demonstrations; department; describes; developed; development; device; director; draws; earlier; early; efforts; electrical; electronically; emeritus; enabled; endoscope; endoscopy; eruption; esophagus; established; examination; examine; excavation; experts; external; eye; eyepiece; eyes; fiber; fired; fitted; flame; flexible; focus; found; founded; founding; gall; gasoline; gastrointestinal; glass; greater; gynecological; gynecologist; heat; held; hired; history; human; idea; illuminate; illumination; image; images; imagination; improve; incisions; incremental; influenced; instrument; instrumental; instruments; insufflation; insufflator; internal; intra-abdominal; introduce; invasive; invention; involve; issue; kicked; lap; laparoscopic; laparoscopically; laparoscopy; large; late; lens; ligation; light; limited; located; lower; made; magnify; major; make; matter; meant; meeting; met; miniaturized; minimally; mirrors; modern; modified; monitor; monocular; neck; notes; observer; operated; optic; organ; pair; patient; peers; people; performed; person; physician; pioneers; plastic; possibility; predate; presentation; pressure; principles; procedure; procedures; professional; project; proper; provide; quartz; reach; real; reason; recalls; record; recovery; rectal; reduced; reflect; regarded; related; remain; reproduce; required; requiring; researchers; resembling; resulted; results; return; revealed; rigid; risk; robotic; rods; roots; scope; scopes; showed; signaled; similar; small; smaller; source; speculum; step; stomach; subjects; success; surgeon; surgery; surgical; suturing; swallowers; sword; teaching; techniques; technology; thought; threat; time; times; training; transmission; transmit; trocars; tubal; tube; urological; vaginal; video; viewed; views; virtually; volcanic; watch; weakened; worldwide